UPSC Optional Books

🛡️The Hunter Committee of Inquiry

♟️The massacre at Jallianwalla Bagh shocked Indians and many Britishers as well. The Secretary of State for India, Edwin Montagu, ordered that a committee of inquiry be formed to investigate the matter.

♟️So, on October 14, 1919, the Government of India announced the formation of the Disorders Inquiry Committee, known as the Hunter Committee/ Commission after the name of chairman, Lord William Hunter.

♟️The purpose of the commission was to “investigate the recent disturbances in Bombay, Delhi, and Punjab, about their causes, and the measures taken to cope with them”.

♟️There were three Indians among the members, namely, Sir Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad, Vice-Chancellor of Bombay University and advocate of the Bombay High Court; Pandit Jagat Narayan, lawyer and Member of the Legislative Council of the United Provinces; and Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmad Khan, lawyer from Gwalior State.

🛡️ India as a Green Hydrogen Hub

♟️The Prime Minister has unveiled an ambitious vision to make India a global hub for green hydrogen production, utilization, and export.
♟️ *Aims* to lead in the production, utilization, and export of green hydrogen, making India a global leader.
♟️ *Government Initiatives* Policies, research, and international collaborations to drive the green hydrogen industry forward.
♟️ *Investment and Job Creation* Targets ₹8 lakh crore investment and 6 lakh jobs.
♟️ *Production Goals* By 2030, aims for a $100 billion investment and production of 5 million metric tons of green hydrogen.
♟️National Green Hydrogen Mission focus on decarbonizing sectors like refineries, fertilizers, and steel.

*🛡️The Types of Mountain*

💎 *Based on Mode of Origin* 

♟️ *Volcanic Mountains* Formed by the eruption of magma from the Earth's crust, creating peaks like those in Hawaii and Fiji. 
♟️ *Fold Mountains*  Created by the collision and folding of tectonic plates, such as the Himalayas and the Andes. 
♟️ *Block Mountains*  Formed by faulting and the movement of large blocks of the Earth's crust, leading to raised or dropped sections, like the Sierra Nevada. 
♟️ *Dome Mountains*  Created by magma pushing the Earth's crust upward, forming a dome-like structure, often exposed after erosion like Black Hills (US). 
♟️ *Plateau Mountains* These mountains resemble dome mountains but are formed by colliding tectonic plates pushing up the land, shaped by weathering and erosion. 

💎 *Based on Period of Origin* 

♟️ *Precambrian Mountains* Precambrian mountains are ancient ranges formed during the Precambrian era (4.6 billion to 541 million years ago).   
They have experienced extensive erosion and metamorphism over billions of years, leaving behind residual formations (e.g., Aravallis in India). 
♟️ *Caledonian Mountains* Formed around 430 million years ago (e.g., Appalachians).
♟️ *Hercynian Mountains* These mountains originated from the Carboniferous to Permian Period (approximately 340 million years and 225 million years) (e.g., Ural Mountains).
♟️ *Alpine Mountains* The youngest mountain systems formed during the Tertiary period(66 million years ago) (e.g., Himalayas, Alps).